Bridget Bailey

Qualifications

LLB (Hons,) BA, University of Waikato 2008
Admitted to the Bar in New Zealand 2009

Community & Industry Activity

- Member of the Auckland District Law Society Environmental and Resource Management Law committee
- Committee member Mount Maunganui Playcentre
- Member Resource Management Law Association

Contact

M: +64 27 466 1347
E: bridget.bailey@hobec.co.nz

Bridget is an Associate in the firm’s Resource Management team.

Bridget first joined Holland Beckett in 2012 and re-joined Holland Beckett in 2023 after three years working as in-house legal counsel for Bay of Plenty Regional Council. Prior to 2012 Bridget worked at a boutique environmental law firm in Auckland.

Bridget specialises in consenting large scale infrastructure projects and is experienced in all aspects of resource management law, including advising on resource consent processes, planning, designations, regulatory and enforcement matters and has appeared at Environment Court, High Court and local authority proceedings. Bridget has acted for local authorities as both consent applicants and decision maker, providing a range of experience in the consenting process. Bridget has a particular interest in renewable electricity generation and has acted for clients in the consenting and re-consenting of large-scale hydro and geothermal electricity generation projects and in multiple planning and policy processes.

Bridget is also experienced in local government law and has advised local and regional authorities on regulatory and enforcement issues, development and use of reserve land, public land and infrastructure, public works processes, official information and governance matters. Bridget has furthered this experience through her previous role as in-house counsel at the Bay of Plenty Regional Council and secondments to Tauranga City Council and Whakatāne District Council.

Bridget’s experience includes:

Chair of an Expert Consenting Panel for a 94-lot housing development under the COVID-19 Recovery (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020.
Acting for a private client on an objection concerning subdivision consent conditions and the National Policy Statement on Highly Productive Land 2022 including a local authority hearing.
Acting for the ROOPU Whakarite Mahi Limited Partnership in its application to the Environmental Protection Authority under the COVID-19 Recovery (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020 for the Taheke Geothermal Project.
Acting for Whakatāne District Council as applicant and requiring authority in relation to appeals on the proposed Matatā wastewater scheme, including appearing as second counsel in a three-week Environment Court hearing.
Acting for a private client in successfully defending enforcement proceedings in respect of flood protection structures, including appearing as joint counsel in a one-week Environment Court hearing.
Acting for a private client to successfully vary a consent notice in a local authority hearing and Environment Court mediation.
Acting for Kawerau District Council in an application for enforcement orders in respect of breaches of the Kawerau District Plan and the RMA.
Acting for Te Ahi O Maui Limited Partnership in relation to its resource consent applications and appeals regarding the proposed Te Ahi O Maui 15-20MW geothermal power station at Kawerau, including appearing as second counsel before a joint district and regional council hearing.
Acting for Geothermal Developments Limited in relation its resource consent applications and appeals regarding its existing 8.3MW geothermal power station.
Acting for Trustpower Limited on appeals regarding the re-consenting of the Matahina Hydro-electric Power Station.
Acting for Trustpower Limited in respect of the Proposed Northland Regional Policy Statement.
Acting for Eastland Generation Limited in respect of its interests the Proposed Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement and Proposed Rotorua and Whakatāne District Plans.

Bridget Bailey's Expertise

Renewable Energy & Climate Change

Local Government

Environment & Planning

Bridget Bailey's News & Resources

Resource Management (Consenting and Other System Changes) Amendment Bill

In keeping with its promise to introduce further changes to the resource management system before the end of 2024, the Government has introduced the Resource Management (Consenting and Other System Changes) Amendment Bill (Bill). The Bill proposes to make changes to the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) to advance key Government policies as part of stage three of its RMA reforms and is intended to go before Parliament for its first reading this week. These changes can be separated into five categories which are in keeping with the Government’s ‘packages’ that it announced in late August 2024. Infrastructure and Energy Consent Timeframes: Renewable energy generation consents would be required to be decided within one year. For geothermal and hydro schemes this timeframe must be extended if a request is made by the applicant or a specified group (such as treaty settlement groups, customary marine title groups and iwi authorities). Consent Durations: Consents for renewable energy and long-lived infrastructure have a default duration of 35 years, unless: the applicant requests a shorter period; a National Environmental Standard, National Policy Statement or National Planning Standard expressly provides for a shorter period; or it is required after consideration of submissions by relevant groups (such as treaty settlement groups, customary marine title groups and iwi authorities). Lapse: Lapse periods for renewable energy projects have doubled from five years to 10 years. Designating Authorities: Requirements and costs for designating authorities are simplified by restricting when an assessment of alternatives is required and simplifying other assessments and information requirements. Port Coastal Permits: Each port company’s coastal permit will be automatically extended to 30 September 2046 (the conditions of which will also be extended automatically). A port company’s permit must be reviewed by the relevant consenting authority no later than 30 September 2027 to identify: Any adverse environmental effects of the occupation of the coastal marine area; and Whether conditions need to be imposed or amended to avoid, remedy or mitigate those effects. Requiring Authority Status: Port companies are to be given requiring authority status for landward operations. Discharges: Amendments to s 70 RMA are proposed to amend the scope of discharge rules to enable regional councils to include permitted activity discharge rules where performance standards will contribute to a reduction in adverse effects over time. Housing Growth Medium Density Residential Standards: Flexibility will be provided to territorial authorities to enable them to opt out of the Medium Density Residential Standards if they demonstrate that they have at least 30 years of planned housing growth capacity. This exemption applies even if the medium density residential standards have since been incorporated into that territorial authority’s district plan. Specified territorial authorities are no longer required to incorporate the medium density residential standards into residential zones. Minister’s Powers: The Bill provides the Minister for the Environment with new powers to ensure compliance with national direction, including housing and business development assessments. The Minister for the Environment can direct councils to prepare or amend documents in accordance with national direction and to direct what type of plan change is used to give effect to national direction. Heritage Buildings: The process for listing/delisting heritage buildings and structures has been simplified. Farming Fishing: The Bill defines the interaction between the RMA and fishing activities under the Fisheries Act 1996. The intent is to ensure that where new rules are introduced, they go through a pre-notification process with the Director-General of the Ministry for Primary Industries, have their effects on fishing assessed, do not raise new restrictions in unexpected areas (reduced scope of submissions), do not add to the regulatory burden on fishers, and do not apply to Māori customary non-commercial fishing rights. Farm Plan: Part 9A of the RMA is amended to make farm plan certification and audit services more practical and cost effective by allowing industry organisations to deliver those services. Wood Processing: To reduce delays in consenting, the Bill requires resource consents for wood processing facilities to be decided within one year of application. Natural Hazards Plan Changes: Any plan changes introducing new natural hazard rules will have immediate legal effect. Consenting: The Bill strengthens a consenting authorities’ powers to decline a land use consent application if it considers that the activity will create a significant risk from natural hazards, increase an existing risk to become significant, or increase an existing significant risk. Emergency Response: New powers are to be given to the Governor General (on the recommendation of the Minister) to make regulations that respond to natural hazards and enable recovery efforts. System Improvements Penalties: Penalties for offences under the RMA are proposed to be changed as follows: For private individuals – maximum imprisonment decreased from two years to 18 months and maximum fine increased from $300,000 to $10,000,000. For a non-natural person (e.g. a company) the fine is increased from $600,000 to $10,000,000. Insurance: The Bill removes the ability for parties to insure against penalties and makes it unlawful. Fines are introduced for persons who enter into insurance contracts to indemnify parties for offences under the RMA (a maximum of $50,000 for an individual and $250,000 for any other person). Clarity: Changes are proposed to simplify the consenting regime by clarifying the scope of further information requests, allowing applicants to review consent conditions before a decision and enables cost recovery for consent reviews due to national direction. Conservation Act 1987: The Bill proposes changes to the Conservation Act 1987 to make technical amendments to the Department of Conservation functions to align their ability to manage discharges with the proposed changes to the RMA. Holland Beckett is experienced in providing advice to clients on the current reforms to New Zealand’s resource management system. If you have any questions about these reforms, please feel free to contact us.

Fast-track Approvals Bill – Select Committee report back

On Friday 18 October 2024, the Environment Committee reported back on the Fast-track Approvals Bill which was introduced on 7 March 2024. We take a look at what’s changed, what stays the same, and the road ahead. What’s changed? The Environment Committee has recommended the following key changes. The purpose of the Bill has been re-framed as “to facilitate the delivery of infrastructure and development projects with significant regional or national benefits”. Timeframes are amended slightly to provide the Expert Panel with 10 working days (rather than five) from their appointment to issue an invitation for written comments, and to provide those invited to comment with 20 working days (rather than 10) to provide those comments. Expert Panels no longer include an iwi appointee. However Expert Panels must include at least one member who is suitably qualified in te ao Māori and Māori development. The Expert Panel (not Ministers) will make final decisions on substantive applications. When considering applications, the Expert Panel must give the “greatest weight” to the purpose of the Bill. The Expert Panel may decline an approval if it forms the view that the activity or activities for which the approval is sought would have one or more adverse impacts, and those adverse impacts are sufficiently significant to outweigh the purpose of the Bill even after any conditions that the panel may set in relation to those impacts are taken into account. The lapse provisions have been amended to allow some discretion. Lapse periods must be at least two years, and if not specified, a default lapse period of five years will apply. What’s stayed the same? The Bill is still an ‘omnibus’ bill which covers a wide range of processes, not just resource consents. A person who has applied for an approval under another Act must withdraw that application before lodging a substantive application that seeks a corresponding approval under the Bill for the same, or substantially the same, activity. The Expert Panel still has a window of 25 working days from the closing date for comments to issue its decision, which is significant given the scale and complexity of many of the projects listed (although suspensions are provided for and there is the ability to extent that timeframe). Appeal rights are available to the High Court on a point of law only. Rights of judicial review are not affected by the Bill. The road ahead The Bill still refers to Schedule 2A and 2B (with provisions for Part A listed projects and Part B listed projects), despite the Minister’s announcement on 6 October 2024 that “Because of the unprecedented level of interest in this process, it became clear that so many projects were suitable for 2A that having a separate list for Schedule 2B became unnecessary, so it will be deleted from the Bill.” Presumably this will be amended as the Bill progresses through Parliament. For listed projects, the immediate issue will be resourcing the processing of those. With 149 projects selected for listing in the Bill, it remains to be seen how many will convert into lodged applications (and how quickly). There is also a mandatory requirement to consult specified persons before lodging the substantive application with the EPA. Once applications are lodged, Experts Panels will need to be formed to process applications. Overall, the fast-track process is likely to be resource intensive for all participants. Seeking referral for fast tracking is still possible (as was the case with the COVID-19 (Fast-track) Consenting Act 2019). However, the question will be the extent to which there is capacity within the system for the processing of referral applications, and referred projects, in light of the volume of listed projects. The Bill is expected to become law before the end of the year. For any questions, please contact one of the below who all have experience with fast-track applications.

Phase three of the Resource Management Reforms

Last week, the Government has announced that two new laws are to be developed to replace the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), with the enjoyment of property rights as their guiding principle. Replacement of the RMA is part of the final phase (phase three) of the Government’s reform of our resource management system. The Government’s intention with a property rights focused system is to allow people to do more on their own property more easily, so long as it does not harm others. Where harm to others results from an activity, the intention is that the new system should step in to protect a property owner’s rights from being compromised by unreasonable activities occurring around them. Cabinet has agreed on ten core design features of the new resource management system. These features are still at a high level and more detail will be required before the effectiveness of these methods can be assessed in achieving the Government’s aspirations. The ten features are as follows: Narrow the scope of the resource management system to focus on managing actual effects on the environment. Establish two acts with clear and distinct purposes – one to manage environmental effects arising from activities and the other to enable urban development and infrastructure. Strengthen and clarify the role of environmental limits and how those are to be developed. Provide for greater use of national standards to reduce the need for resource consents and simplify council plans. Shift the focus away from consenting before activities can get underway, and towards compliance, monitoring and enforcement of activities’ compliance with national standards. Use spatial planning and a simplified design process to lower the cost of infrastructure. Realise efficiencies by requiring one regulation plan per region, jointly prepared by regional and district councils. Provide for a rapid low cost resolution of disputes between neighbours and between property owners and councils, with the potential for a new Planning Tribunal (or equivalent). Uphold Treaty of Waitangi settlements and the Crown’s obligations. Provide faster and cheaper processes with less reliance on litigation, contained within shorter and simpler legislation that is more accessible. An expert advisory group has been appointed to assist with the development of the new system, whose expertise includes resource management law, planning and te ao Māori. The Government expects key aspects of the new system to go before Cabinet for agreement before the end of the year with the intention for legislation to be passed before the next election.

Next steps in the reform of Aotearoa’s Resource Management System

The Government intends to introduce its second RMA amendment bill and a suite of changes to national direction to “drive economic growth and productivity”, RMA Reform Minister Chris Bishop says. Following the first RMA amendment Bill introduced to Parliament earlier this year, the next stage of the Government’s RMA reform, prior to full replacement, is aimed to be achieved by a second RMA amendment bill (RM Bill 2) and a suite of national policy changes through introduction of a ‘national direction package’. The intention is for the RM Bill 2 to be introduced to Parliament before the end of this year, and then passed into law by mid-2025. The national direction package will follow the same timeline and this bill. The Government has divided the RM Bill 2 and the national direction package into four categories: infrastructure and energy, housing, farming and the primary sector, and emergencies and natural hazards. The reforms proposed under each topic are as follows: Infrastructure and Energy Improved delivery of renewable energy development by giving effect to National’s Electrify NZ. The Electrify NZ policy can be found here, which intends to “cut red tape to drive investment in renewable electricity generation.” A new NPS for Infrastructure which intends to ensure that resource management decisions consistently enable infrastructure to be development, operated, and maintained whilst also managing its effects on the natural environment. Amendments to the NES for Telecommunications to keep it up to date with developments and give telcos greater certainty and reduced consenting costs as they upgrade their infrastructure. Changes to the resource management system to ensure a consistent approach to quarrying. Inclusion of port operators and emergency service providers as requiring authorities. Extension of the default designation lapse period from 5 years to 10 years. Extension of the duration of port coastal permits by 20 years. Housing Delivery of the ‘first pillar’ of the Government’s Going for Housing Growth policy. We discussed this policy, and the objectives of the first pillar, in our previous article here. Development of a new NES for Minor Residential Units (i.e. granny flats). Development of a new national direction for papakāinga housing, that will require each district plan to contain provisions to enable more papakāinga housing. Simplifying the way that heritage is managed. Farming and the Primary Sector Immediate national direction changes will be made to enable development of renewable energy, indoor primary production and greenhouses on highly productive land. We discussed the changes to the NPS on Highly Productive Land in our earlier article here. Further announcements are expected from the Government’s Agriculture and Primary Sector team on what changes will be made to this sector under this second tranche of reforms. Minister Bishop has indicated that these will largely give effect to a collection of promises made in the National Party’s manifesto and coalition agreements. Emergencies and Natural Hazards To further develop the NPS for Natural Hazards so that it will provide a comprehensive, nationally consistent framework for addressing the risks posed by natural hazards, including increased risk from climate change. The NPS for Natural Hazards will provide direction to councils on how to identify natural hazards, assess the risk they pose and respond to that risk through planning controls. The RM Bill 2 proposes to better enable rapid responses to disasters by improving emergency provisions including a new regulation making power for emergency responses. Alongside these four packages, a range of technical changes are proposed to improve the resource management system’s coherence. Whilst the precise form of these changes is yet to be released, what is apparent is that the coalition Government is being consistent with its position to undertake vast and quick reforms of our resource management system. Holland Beckett is experienced in providing advice to clients on the current reforms to New Zealand’s resource management system. If you have any questions about these reforms, please feel free to contact us.

Changes signalled to the Fast-track Approvals Bill

The Government has announced its intention to make several changes to the Fast-track Approvals Bill, which is currently with the Environment Select Committee for consideration. Cabinet has recommended the following five changes are made, and the Committee will decide whether or not to accept them: The final decision on the granting of fast-track projects now sit with an expert panel and not the Ministers for Infrastructure, Regional Development and Transport. Giving Ministers final approval of applications, even if an expert panel recommended otherwise, was the most controversial aspect of the Bill and its removal is a significant change to the Bill as proposed. Providing the expert consenting panel with decision-making powers aligns the Bill with the process under the previous Labour Government’s COVID-19 (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020. Fast-track projects will now be referred to an expert panel by the Minister for Infrastructure alone who will be required to consult the Minister for the Environment and other relevant portfolio ministers as part of that referral process. However, our understanding is that fast-track projects listed in Schedule 2A of the Bill will still be able to apply directly to an expert panel for consideration. Timeframes for comments at the referral and expert panel stages will also be extended to give parties, including those impacted by a proposed project, more time to provide comments. Expert panels will be appointed by the Government and will be required to include: Those with expertise in environmental matters; Māori development and te ao Māori expertise in place of mātauranga Māori; and An iwi authority representative (only when required by Te Tiriti o Waitangi settlements). Applicants will be required to include information on previous decisions by approving authorities, including previous Court decisions, in their applications for the referring Minister to consider. Minister Bishop also provided a breakdown of the 384 projects that had applied to be listed in the Bill. Whilst not providing specific details of the projects, he noted that 18% of the applications related to renewable energy, 24% related to infrastructure and 40% related to housing and urban development. It is proposed that the fast-track projects to be listed in either Schedule 2A or B will be included in a paper that will be put before Parliament once the Bill returns to Parliament later this year. The Independent Advisory Group has now provided a report to the Ministers with recommendations on projects to include in the Bill and Cabinet will now consider these in the coming months. While these changes will remove the most contentious aspect of the Bill and will be more consistent with current fast-track legislation, we expect the Bill will continue to receive close scrutiny from all stakeholder groups as the Government continues with its wider reforms to the Resource Management Act 1991. Holland Beckett is experienced with fast-track consenting processes and advising clients on the current reforms to the Resource Management Act 1991. If you have any questions or would like to know more about anything in this article, please do not hesitate to contact the authors.

Pushing Residential Development “Up and Out” – The Government’s ‘Going for Housing Growth Policy’

Today the Minister for Housing, Hon Christopher Bishop, has announced new housing growth targets for Aotearoa’s cities and its plan to make it easier for new housing to go “up and out” to increase housing supply. The Going for Housing Growth policy (GHG) aspires to address the housing crisis in Aotearoa by enabling more houses to be built through its “three pillars” approach which is designed to: Free up land for urban development, including removing unnecessary planning barriers; Improve infrastructure funding and financing to support urban growth; and Provide incentives for communities and councils to support growth. The first six changes of that approach as set out by Minister Bishop are: The establishment of housing growth targets for tier one and two councils. These councils will be required to live-zone feasible development capacity to provide for at least 30 years of housing demand at any one time (this is a notable difference from the current minimum requirement to live-zone 3 years of feasible development capacity). New rules requiring cities to be allowed to expand outwards at the urban fringe. Councils are prohibited from imposing rural-urban boundary lines in planning documents (but can still have rurally zoned land). Strengthening of the intensification provisions in the National Policy Statement for Urban Development to ensure that housing capacity is enabled in locations where there is demand and access to services, transport and businesses. New rules requiring councils to enable mixed-use development in cities. Activities such as cafes, dairies and other retail stores must be enabled in urban areas by tier one and two councils. The abolition of minimum floor area and balcony requirements. Councils cannot set minimum floor area requirements for apartments and other houses, or require balconies. New provisions making the medium density residential standards optional for councils. The GHG is consistent with the Government’s stance to enable housing supply and its objective to “slash the red tape” associated with development. No doubt local authorities will need to grapple with how they will implement these changes in a constantly evolving resource management landscape, which will be no small task. If you have any questions about what these changes mean for you, please feel free to contact us.

Fast-track Approvals Bill – the third fast-track consenting regime

The fast-track consenting regime proposed by the National/ACT/NZ First coalition government was introduced to Parliament on 7 March 2024. The most awaited aspect of the Fast-track Approvals Bill – the list of projects to be fast-tracked – is blank at this stage. A Fast-track Advisory Group of experts is to be established in the coming weeks to advise Ministers on what projects should be included in the legislation, following which the projects will be inserted into the schedules. The key aspects of the Fast-track Approvals Bill are as follows. Purpose The Bill’s purpose is to provide a fast-track decision-making process that facilitates the delivery of infrastructure and development projects with significant regional or national benefits. The Bill’s purpose has no reference to continuing to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources, unlike the COVID-19 Recovery (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020 (FTA). Processes covered The Bill covers a much greater range of consents/approvals. In addition to resource consents and notices of requirement for designations under the RMA it includes consents/approvals under the Conservation Act 1987, Wildlife Act 1953, Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983, Reserves Act 1977, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, Crown Minerals Act 1991, and Fisheries Act 1996. The Bill also makes a change to Environment Court processes under the Public Works Act 1981 for projects dealt with under the Bill. The FTA only dealt with resource consents and notices of requirement for designations under the RMA. Treaty of Waitangi The Bill requires persons exercising functions under it to act in accordance with Treaty settlements and recognised customary rights. The Bill does not contain a requirement to act in a manner that is consistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, unlike the FTA. Projects The Bill provides for two types of listed projects, and referred projects. The two types of listed projects will be: Part A – listed projects that can be referred straight to an Expert Panel. Part B – listed projects that may be considered by the joint Ministers for referral to an Expert Panel. The Bill contains criteria for being a referred project including whether the project will have significant regional or national benefits. An example of projects that may qualify include projects that will increase the supply of housing, address housing needs, or contribute to a well-functioning urban environment. Projects are referred to Expert Panels for consideration. Expert Panel The Expert Panel will be set up in a similar way to Expert Consenting Panels under the FTA. However, Expert Panels will only be making recommendations to the ‘joint Ministers’ who will make the decisions. The joint Ministers For the most part, the responsible ‘joint Ministers’ under the Bill are the Ministers for Infrastructure, Regional Development and Transport. This is a move away from the Ministers for the Environment and Conservation under the FTA, although the latter will join the others for Wildlife Act matters. Appeal rights Appeal rights are available to the High Court on a point of law only. Rights of judicial review are not affected by the Bill. Select committee process The Bill has a strong focus on infrastructure and development and will be controversial. It has been referred to the Environment Committee for a select committee process and is open for submissions until 19 April 2024. Please get in touch if you would like to make a submission or discuss things further.

A step forward for climate change – Smith v Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited

On 7 February 2024 the Supreme Court released its decision in Smith v Fonterra and unanimously agreed to not strike out Mr Smith’s claims against seven of New Zealand’s largest green house gas (GHG) emitting companies. The threshold to strike out a claim is high and requires that there be no reasonably arguable claim. Like any other plaintiff with a tenable claim, Mr Smith will be entitled to have his case heard. Background The case concerned claims by Mr Smith, an iwi leader and elder of Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Kahu and a climate change spokesperson for the Iwi Chairs Forum, against Fonterra, Genesis Energy, Dairy Holdings Ltd, NZ Steel Ltd, Z Energy, Channel Infrastructure and BT Mining (Respondents). The claims asserted that the Respondents’ GHG emissions have contributed and will continue to contribute to global warming. This has caused and will cause harm to Mr Smith, his whānau, his descendants and others. Mr Smith’s claim comprised of three causes of action: Public nuisance; Negligence; and A proposed new tort involving a duty to cease contributing to damage to the climate system. The Respondents applied to strike out Mr Smith’s proceeding on the basis that it raises no reasonably arguable cause of action. The High Court struck out Mr Smith’s claims in public nuisance and negligence in 2020, but declined to strike out his claim based on the proposed new tort. The Court of Appeal went further and struck out all three causes of action. The Supreme Court’s decision The Supreme Court found that it was in no position to find that Mr Smith’s causes of action were untenable. It emphasised the high threshold for a strike out application noting that “pre-emptive elimination of proceedings is only appropriate where it can be said that whatever the facts proved, or arguments and policy considerations advanced at trial, a case is bound to fail”. The common law has not previously grappled with a crisis as all-embracing as climate change. However, the Supreme Court stated that this area of common law must develop “in the fertile field of trial, not on the barren rocks of a strike out application”. Can Tikanga inform the formulation of tort claims? Mr Smith claims, in accordance with tikanga, a whakapapa (genealogical) and whanaungatanga (kinship) relationship to the whenua (land), wai (fresh water) and moana (sea) around his land. His claim is that the respondents contributed to climate change effects that caused and will cause ongoing injury to the customary, cultural, historical, spiritual and nutritional values associated with these places. His tikanga based connection with these places provides the foundation for the claim that an injury to place is also an injury to himself, his whānau and descendants. The Supreme Court stated that whatever the cause of action, the trial court will need to grapple with the fact that Mr Smith purports to bring proceedings not merely as an alleged proprietor who has suffered loss, but also as a kaitiaki acting on behalf of the whenua, wai and moana. It must consider some tikanga concepts of loss that are neither physical nor economic. Addressing and assessing matters of tikanga simply cannot be avoided. Mr Smith’s case can now proceed to a full trial in the High Court.

Slope hazard mapping – what does this mean?

Following the recent storm and flooding events, Tauranga City Council (TCC) has undertaken a review of its slope hazard maps and some landowners may have received letters from TCC advising that their property is now subject to a ‘slope hazard’. Many landowners are concerned about what this means for them and their property. Legal Basis for Review In short, TCC is required by the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) to identify areas potentially at risk from natural hazards and has undertaken this mapping in order to meet its obligations under the Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement to manage natural hazard risk and its Infrastructure Development Code. It has always had this obligation and has now undertaken land stability mapping specifically to determine slope hazards as a priority. The RMA states that “the management of significant risks from natural hazards” is a matter of national importance, which decision makers must recognise and provide for. “Natural hazards” is defined in the RMA as including erosion and land slippage. TCC also has a legal obligation to record special characteristics of the land (including land slippage) on a LIM under s44A of the Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act 1987 which aren’t apparent from the City Plan, which includes natural hazard maps of this kind. What Does this Mean for You? Legally, the new maps will have implications for a landowner’s ability to build or undertake any further development of their property. The Building Act 2004 (BA) provides that a council must refuse to grant a building consent for construction of a building or major alterations to a building if the land is subject to (or is likely to be subject to) one or more natural hazards or the building work is likely to accelerate, worsen, or result in a natural hazard. A building consent may only be granted for work on land subject to a natural hazard on the basis that adequate provision is made to protect the land, building work, or other properties from the natural hazard. This means that in order to obtain a building consent, landowners will need to prove that the building work will not worsen, accelerate or cause a natural hazard and you may end up with a notice on the title recording the natural hazard risk. If building consent is granted for land identified as being subject to a natural hazard, the BA requires notice of the building consent and the natural risk to be registered on the property’s record of title. You can ascertain if your property is subject to a slope hazard by using TCC’s mapping tool (Mapi) (as per the image below). If you are intending to purchase a property it is important that you seek legal advice regarding any potential slope hazard that may affect the land. If you require assistance we are able to assist you with any of you due diligence enquiries. If you are concerned about your property being subject to a slope hazard, and require legal advice regarding the same, please feel free to contact us.

National Built and Environment Act 2023 and the Spatial Planning Act 2023 – what is in effect (at least for now)?

The National Built and Environment Act 2023 (NBEA) and the Spatial Planning Act 2023 (SPA) were given Royal Assent on 24 August 2023 and will repeal and replace the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). While the complete transition to the new system is expected to take more than a decade, parts of the NBEA are already in force: Fast Track Consenting The NBEA’s new fast track consenting process has now come into effect. Applicants can now seek ministerial referral of projects that meet a set of eligibility criteria (which relate to infrastructure and housing activities). If the referral is accepted, applicants can apply to the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) for resource consent. Expert consenting panels then decide on the substantive applications and may set conditions on projects before they go ahead. Compliance, Management and Enforcement New compliance and enforcement tools have come into force and include the following: fines for non-compliance with consent conditions have increased: - $300,000.00 to $1,000,000.00 for individuals; and - $600,000.00 to $10,000,000.00 for companies. changes to abatement notice provisions which allow abatement notices to be issued for a breach of consent notices and covenants imposed by the conditions of a resource consent. new powers in relation to excessive noise which permit enforcement officers to issue an excessive noise direction which requires the noise to be immediately reduced to a reasonable level. Contaminated Land The ‘polluter pays’ principle applies from the day after Royal Assent and sets a presumption that polluters are to bear the costs of managing pollution to prevent damage to human health and the environment in relation to contaminated land. The EPA and the relevant local authority are empowered to recover all actual and reasonable costs from the polluter. Shorter Term for Freshwater Resource Consents Most new freshwater-related consents will have a new time limit on how long they last. The aim is to ensure freshwater resources are not locked in for long periods before regions make decisions in their NBE plans about how to allocate freshwater in their areas. The maximum duration applies to resource consents to take, use, dam, or divert freshwater. It also applies to consents for discharging any contaminants into freshwater or onto land where it can enter freshwater. The maximum duration can be no longer the 5 years after allocation methods in a region’s first NBE plan take effect. Once the transition to the new system has been completed, then the maximum duration will be 10 years (rather than 35 years under the RMA). Freshwater Planning Instruments The NBEA amends section 80A of the RMA to widen the meaning of a ‘freshwater planning instrument’ and to change what instruments must (or may) use the freshwater planning process. Aquaculture The Minister for Aquaculture now has extended powers to suspend resource applications, make regulations and allocate aquaculture space. However, following the recent election and a new National led government, we may in store for further changes to the new system (including the new system being scrapped altogether) before the end of the year.